---
title: inject, lambda, stream processing - Advent of Code 2021 - Day 16 with Ruby
slug: inject-lambda-stream-processing-advent-of-code-2021-day-16-with-ruby
published_at: 2021-12-23 19:30:01 +0000
updated_at: 2026-03-04 20:13:42 +0000
summary: 
description: inject, lambda, stream processing - Advent of Code 2021 - Day 16 with Ruby  https://www.tiktok.com/@meals_by_cug/video/7017126832948399365
tags: [cjav_dev, web development tutorials, web development for beginners, vim, ruby, rails, advent of code, advent of code 2021, inject, bitstrearm, stream processing, flat_map, lambdas]
views: 403
author: CJ Avilla
url: https://www.cjav.dev/videos/inject-lambda-stream-processing-advent-of-code-2021-day-16-with-ruby
youtube_url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGQM3QMXSSk
youtube_id: EGQM3QMXSSk
embed_url: https://www.youtube.com/embed/EGQM3QMXSSk
thumbnail_url: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EGQM3QMXSSk/hqdefault.jpg
type: video
---

# inject, lambda, stream processing - Advent of Code 2021 - Day 16 with Ruby

*Published: December 23, 2021*
*Views: 403*

## Watch

[Watch on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGQM3QMXSSk)

[![inject, lambda, stream processing - Advent of Code 2021 - Day 16 with Ruby](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EGQM3QMXSSk/hqdefault.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGQM3QMXSSk)

## Description

inject, lambda, stream processing - Advent of Code 2021 - Day 16 with Ruby

https://www.tiktok.com/@meals_by_cug/video/7017126832948399365

## Transcript

hey what's up welcome back this is day 16 of the advent of code we're going to solve this in ruby uh today the problem is called packet decoder and you receive a transmission and it comes in in hexadecimal and a hexadecimal string so hexadecimal is just another sort of uh representation of numbers where instead of just having like 0 to 9 you also have a b c d e f and you can encode 16 sort of different numbers inside of hexadecimal so you have we typically use decimal and that's like base 10 hexadecimal is base 16. binary is base 2. and so we're going to receive it in hexadecimal but then we need to interact with it as if it is binary to decode it and there's a couple different types of like packets that we're going to receive so one of the packets is called an operator packet and then the other packet is called a literal value or like a literal packet and um as part of the binary representation we'll have three bits that define the version three bits that define the type and then for literal values the um the actual number is going to be encoded in like these five bit sequences where the four least significant digits in each of those five bit sequences is a number and the first digit in each of those five digit sequences tells us whether or not we are at the last digit so here because we're on a we see a one so that means that this is not the last digit in the literal value b has a one so this is not the last digit in the literal value c starts with a zero so that means this is the last digit in this literal and so you would kind of add like what is um you know the digit in place a b and c and that gives you like the ultimate actual number um or you combine you sort of like combine those three into a binary representation which spits out some decimal value so in this case 20 21. so for operator packets uh they either have um they're either going to give you like a length type that is 15 bits and that tells you the total length in bits of all the sub packets inside the operator packet or it's going to tell you how many sub packets there are inside of this this operator packet so you you have the literal value you've got an operator inside of an operator it can either be one that tells you the total length of the sub packets or one that tells you the number of sub packets so then it gets even deeper uh and ultimately for this first uh for this first part of the puzzle what we want to do is look at each packet and if it's an operator we need to like look at all the sub packets and the sub packets of those sub packets and then figure out just what are all of the versions so the version again is the first three digits of a of a sub packet and so the way that i solve this is sort of by looking at the entire stream of bits that comes in and then when you're looking at an operator packet you can sort of tell based on um based on either the length or the number of bits um which like what sub packets are coming next and so we kind of need to like scan through these bits and then break out all of the different sub packets so yeah there's a couple different ways to do this but the way that i think makes the most sense is by creating sort of a stream of these bits and then we'll keep reference to where the head is of like our reader and then we'll kind of like as we read versions and types and parts of packets we can sort of like advance that pointer forward as we go through the uh through the array so that's kind of like what i think we'll do all right so let's start here we're going to add day 16 to our solution we're going to add i don't know decoder.rb and then we'll add a spec here day 16 spec.rb and we're going to require relative all right so we're going to say something like it returns the version of the top level packet as expected something like that i think so if we were to give it just a literal value i think we want to do something like decoder isdecoder.parse and then we'll pass it that string and that will parse out the bits and return a new instance of the decoder and then we can call like decoder.decode or something and then we'll expect that decoder.sumversions2equal and this one's version is a 6 version 6 in binary so we'll say 6. run this and we get back nothing because there is no decoder so let's open up this and define our decoder class run our test again and it should fail because there's no parse method and this is just gonna take in the raw input so when we receive the input we need to first break out each character and then convert that to um to a number in hexadecimal so i think we can just say like dot map um char and we're going to say like char dot 2 i 16 2 s 2 so this this converts it from the letter or number representation into a hexadecimal integer value and then we're going to convert that integer value back into a string value that represents the the bits and then i think if we save flat map here we should be able to just get all of the bits like this i think i don't know let's let's just say like result is this and then p result and then run this again all right so it did not do what i expected so it mapped over it and it gave us all of the individual ones and then dot join maybe i don't know let's see okay so that is sort of the bit string and then we want to i guess we we actually want um dot chars i don't know let's see does that give us okay cool and then dot map to i because we want the integer values for all of the numbers okay cool so that'll give us sort of like the bit string that we want to start with and i think that matches what we see here it does okay so that is going to be sort of our like bits or something and then we want to return a new decoder with those bits and right now that decoder is wrong number of arguments because we need to accept bits as an argument okay we have no method decode so let's add that and we have no method some versions so i'm going to just track the sum of all the versions as an instance variable and then as we go through decode we will sort of increment the versions all right so decode is where we actually need to figure out all of the all of the logic for decoding this sort of stream of bits that came in so if we look back at this each um each bit is labeled indicating its purpose so the three bits labeled v t v and t okay so v gives us the version t gives us the type so what i want to do is do something like um version is like read bits three and that'll like just read the first three bits in the stream and then advance some pointer so let's actually say like at red is zero i don't know if we actually need this but well yeah so read bits n and this is going to increment uh read by n and then what we want to do is we want to we want to return n bits from something and we want to update bits so let's say like our return value is going to be bits.taken and then we want to update bits to be bits.drop n and then we'll return ret and that should give us that should give us our version and we also want to say something like at some versions plus equals version and let's just see if this works for our first situation here okay can't uh okay what is this saying decoder line 26 the plus method array can't be coerced into an integer so line 26 which is 26 plus equals version oh right because we want to convert that into so this this is just going to be the first three bits right yeah so that gives us um one one zero but we want the value six so we need to take those um and convert that into um uh we need to map it into a to a string or do we yeah uh can we just do join i don't know let's see okay and then dot two i two okay cool so um this gives us back three integers in an array dot join converts it to a string that is 1 1 0 and then dot 2 i base 2 gives us the integer value for the version and that's what we want to increment by and so now our our test is passing okay so that gives us the version for the top level packet and i think that's okay all right so we've got some method that's going to like read some number of bits let's also pull out the type id so something like type id is readbits3.join.2i2 and we'll p type id we don't actually care about the type id for this first part all that we want is the sum of we want the sum of the packets and so i guess what we want to do is sort of like start breaking down these values so let's yeah let's make a way to extract the literal value here and i think that's what we ultimately want to return from decode is some value so value equals like get literal and then we'll make a method here get literal and what we can do is add another method here that says like it returns the expected literal value for the packet and then we'll use the same decoder and we will set the um actually now we're going to have to expect that the decoder.decode to equal 2021 that's like the year value that's returned um so we need actually i guess we can just like return get literal here so get literal is going to be kind of interesting because we need to sort of like work our way through the bits that are in a literal thing and this only counts if the type is if the type id is 4. so here we have to do something like if type if the type id is four then we're going to return get literal otherwise we're going to have to do something with the operator packet and so the get this get literal thing so after we have read the first six bits which we have because we called read bits here and read bits here um some interfaces as like yeah some interfaces for like um string buffers and io some other io objects will like have you read to a certain point and if you need to rescan you have to like rewind or reset your reader so essentially like after we have read these first six bits now we're ready to start reading the literal value and the way that we do that is we need to read five bits at a time pull off the first one and check to see if it's a one or a zero so what we're going to do is say something like um like uh what do we want to return from here we're going to return some list of bits so literal bits is some array or something and then what we want to do is we want to read five bits so we're gonna say read bits five and that's going to give us five bits back and i guess like what we what would be nice is actually if we can like split it into like head and rest and that will give us um then we can check like if the head if the head is one then like keep going right uh else we've like reached the end and we just want to like end and what we're doing here is we're um we're using array destructuring to say like pull off the first element and store that in head and then pull off the rest of the elements and put that in rest or like tail um and uh but we need to kind of like keep doing this until we reach a stopping point so we actually need to do something like while true keep doing this and if the head is one keep going if the head is zero we need to like um we need to break right and uh i guess we only need to break if head is zero break if head is zero and then otherwise what we want to do is say literal bits plus equals rest and let's just see what that gets us okay ex we got nil back so get literal so if the type id is four and it should be require buy bug then we have by bug we should be type id oh type id is six is that right no the type id should be okay so i think what might be happening is are we not actually updating bits correctly here no okay so what i want to do is just keep track of like both bits in like og bits is bits.dupe that way we have like both bits and like some other reference of what the original bits were so we can compare so puts og bits.join okay puts at bits dot join okay so it is shorter that's for sure and type id is six version is also six okay so i'm surprised because for this example the type id should totally be four so let's move our buy bug higher and we'll walk our way through it so p bits dot join p o g bits.join those should be the same right now after we read this we should uh be done with the first three bits oh you know what look at this this is showing one one zero this is not showing one zero zero so something something is actually wrong with our decoding so or i mean our parsing i think um so oh right okay okay so what's happening is that we're converting it into a character into into an integer and then we're converting it back to the binary representation but sometimes i think the the chars um the chars are going to be uh shorter than four oh this is a good chance to use tap and we can add by bug in here just so that we can see what the current like intermediate representation is of chars so now we can see like puts c and we see one zero one one next next um p c okay so see how we only have one zero so at this point i bet char is yeah okay so char is the number two so if you take the if we take char dot 2 i 16 we should get the number two and then we say dot 2 s 2 we get 1 0 but we want this to be 0 0 1 0 because all of the all of the uh the bits here we're expecting them to be four four wide so what we want to do is we actually want to left pad so before we get the chars we're going to call dot r just so that's going to like pad for we want to have like at least four characters and if there are not enough then we want to include a four so now we can pull out our tap and it should uh i don't know maybe it'll work this time let's see so after we um p at bits.join and p at og bits.join and then go to the next one and we have our version and that's correct and then we say uh p at bits.join it should have one zero zero at the front and it does okay so now our type is four type id is 4. and now we're going to get we're going to attempt to get our literal so let's step into that and while true we're going to like break on line 31 and then we're going to say something like this okay so literal bits is that okay um okay literal bits dot join or something i don't know um and then dot two i two cool 20 21 great so let's add that literal bits um dot join dot 2 i base two now if we run our test here this should pass great okay so all of our tests are passing we're able to get literal values out let's um let's add another example here where we then have to scan an operator an operator packet okay so we've got we've got that packet that works alright so we have another packet here that is going to be a little different so we're going to say it i don't know what do we actually need out of this all right so for these operator packets we have a a new concept we have this length type id so what i think makes the most sense is to just start figuring out what the length types are and make sure that we can we can do that i'm not quite sure how to write a test for that yet so let's just get in here and try to make it work so i guess the if it's not type four if it's any other type id then we're gonna have like a length type and that's gonna be read bits one and we only want one bit back and that should give us the right length type so if length type is one we're going to do something otherwise if it's zero we're going to do something else so if the case of if the length id is 1 then the next 11 bits represent the number of sub packets immediately contained next 11 bits is the number of sub packets otherwise if it's zero this is going to be the next 15 bits are the total length and bits next 15 bits is the total length in bits okay so num packets is going to be something like read bits 11 dot join dot 2 i 2 and then otherwise we're gonna have the same thing but we're going to have 15 and this is like length or something i don't know um so in our example here the one that it gives us is length type zero so let's just see if we get a length type zero when trying to do this so it has length type 0. i'm actually just going to call the decoder.parse and then decode and this just is giving us like a little test harness um and we want to puts like oh gosh yeah how do we want to do this puts uh length type 1 length type zero and then we'll rerun the test and just see what we get printed out so that is zero and that is the length type zero cool all right so then what do we need to do after that so um the 15 bits labeled l those are all the length of the sub packets and that is going to give us the number 27 back and then the 11 bits labeled a are the first packet and the 11 then the 16 bits labeled b is the second packet and both of those are literal values all right so we know the length and we know we also know like our our read point and so what we want to figure out is like um we want to continue decoding several more packets until we get all the literal values out of the packets and so what we need to do here is we want to basically say something like while while at read so like while the point that we're reading at is less than um length plus the current position which i don't know what the current position is going to be um so while read is less than current position i guess the current position before we start reading is going to be at read and while okay so while the read point is less than the current position plus however many bits um we want to continue decoding so we want to call decode basically i think um yeah i think that's right and then let's see what we get back so in this example we had our first the version for the first one was six and the version for the second one was two so that should be eight plus one is nine so i think some versions here should be uh nine expect decoder.some versions to equal nine i think current pause did i i called it two different things huh okay so that's working so at least it's counting up the sums right so this is a recursive call here so we're sort of just like recursively calling and then letting it read as many packets as it can and while it's reading packets it's incrementing this version thing so i think that works fine um all right cool so then let's look at a packet that has a length type of one so this is going to be a length type of one it works for length type one and the packet example is this and what does this consist of so the first three bits are labeled one on one so we have version seven here and then we have um we have the link type of one and here the the value is three so that tells us that there are three packets right uh yeah that's the number of sub packets so we're going to get three packets back and each of those is a literal so we have um two plus four plus one so seven plus seven should be 14 i think so this should um the sum of the versions should be 14. so let's see got expected 14 but got seven okay so what i need we need to like actually implement for length type one and did it actually spit out length type one it did at the top okay cool so what we need to do here is we need to say something like num packets.each do or like numpackets.times do decode i don't know let's see all right okay so we have two different ways to handle those length types um we're getting the sum of the versions as expected i think and then let's see so after reading three complete sub packets the number packet okay cool so here's a few examples of hexadecimal all right so here's the example so this one should have a version sum of 16. so we're going to say it works for example blah oh in fact um there's a really cool feature of our spec that or there's like a handy approach to writing specs where you can like generate several so what i'm going to do is i'm actually going to ch iterate over these pairs of like input and what we expect so let me show you first we can write it manually so we'll have like these ones right and what we could do is say like okay here's the input and we expect this to have like a version sum of um 16 right and what we can do now is say okay because we want to test all of these different pairs we can create an array of arrays where the first element is this string and the second element is the value we expect so 16 and then we can just iterate over that array of arrays and inside of each block we're going to have something like the packet and its length or like versions yeah yeah this should be like some versions and then here we can just pass in packet and inside of our it block we can you know pass in the packet so that we can see each it statement or like the test description will print out the different value for each possible sort of packet here alright so we will add one of each of these all right so we've got 16 the next one is 12 the next one is 23 and the next one is 31 and then we just cross our fingers and wow okay it works they all pass so i think we're at a good point where we can jump into the decoder and pass in our input so get our puzzle input here this huge giant thing and we'll just say like puts or like d yeah decoder is decoder.parse giant string decoder dot decode putsdecoder.sumversions rubyday16 decoder and we get 963. 963. do was our answer okay super cool um so that is like how we're decoding the packets and summing up the versions and that is part one for day 16 of the advent of code let's get into part two so now that you we've got the structure of all the stuff that's being transcribed now what we need to do is look at the type id more carefully so the type ids are going to map to some operation that we want to apply to all of the values of their sub packets okay so before what we were doing is we were looking at the type id and if it was four we know it's a literal value if it's anything else we were just like summing up the versions what we need to do now is figure out like oh if the type id is 0 then we need to take the sum of the packets if the type id is 1 we need to multiply the values of all the packets if the type id is 2 we need to find the minimum value if it's 3 the maximum if it's 5 greater than et cetera et cetera et cetera so to do this we first need to figure out like how to keep track of all of the actual values so in the case of type id 4 we're just returning the literal value in any other case what we need to do is actually like collect up the results of decoding those other sub packets where we reach a literal value at the end and then we need to figure out what the type id was at the operation level and apply that and so inside of the else block here when it's not type four what i want to do in fact like let's just say like return get literal if type id is four that'll be like an early return and we can unindent a little bit here just to like clean stuff up just a hair all right so then if we are not in the case of a type 4 what we want to do is keep track of literals and we're going to store those in an array and if we're going through type 1 we want to just collect up all the literals and we'll decode those and if we're going through type 0 we will also just collect those up into literals um and decode now after we finish either of these two blocks where we're recursively calling decode this is where we need to say something like if type id is zero then we need to return something like the sum of the packets so now we need to say like literals.literals.sum or something like that right and so here this is going to give us a couple different examples of what value we should expect back so let's go back to our test day 16 spec and we'll say something like it works for type uh okay actually let's do something similar with um with this sort of like generated generated it block so we're gonna pass in again we're gonna pass in some values or some like packets and then the resulting value that we expect from the packet so it calculates the expected value for the packet given the operations again we're going to have these three sort of things and then actually this is just going to be decoder.decode and this is going to be sort of the value all right and then what we're going to do is we're going to start with this packet here and it says that it finds the sum of one and two resulting in the value three all right so we can run it with just that one case um and i've spelt something wrong and that's okay and let's see and let's also just put in the packet id here so that we can see it literally i spelled something literals wrong here literals run the code and we crashed nil cannot be coerced into an integer so where are we at oh this needs to be commented out and then we can run it again all right let's just make sure that works okay so that is going to work for some so then we can say like else if type id is one literals dot product is the is product of method on array let's see so if we have a is one two three four a dot product no that's interesting i don't know if i've ever seen that one uh so okay maybe it's like sort of like cross product of two arrays or something or like empty array i don't know um so a dot prod okay maybe there's no method for it on array it's okay so let's just do ada inject and we'll pass in the symbol for multiplication and that'll give us back what we want all right so we're going to just say inject the symbol for multiplication and actually we should have had a failing test first whatever not a huge deal you know what i'm saying there's this guy on tick tock um food with cooge or something like that so funny uh i am a huge fan uh he he just talks about like a bunch of his meals and his food and he's got this like super thick new york accent and uh yeah it's it's uh it's good times really really fun tick tock material are you a huge are you huge tick tockers do you watch tik tok do you watch dev talk let me know down in the comments below uh yeah super curious to hear if that's something that you do okay finds the minimum all right finds the minimum so min is a thing right so else if type id is this is probably three maybe oh no two uh okay so what i'm thinking is uh so okay there is there's a really interesting property of inject where you can pass it like inject is a really um inject and the concept of reduce is a really really flexible concept and as i'm looking at this i'm seeing like okay literals.sum could actually be implemented as part of inject right and you can pass in we could pass in the plus sign and that would give us the same result uh also minimum technically could be uh minimum could dash could be implemented as inject also right so you would just say something like um you don't even you can just no yeah you would need uh a or like min and um so maybe you start it actually yeah whatever you mean you need min and you need current and if min is less than current then you return then then you return min otherwise you return current that's like another way to implement inject ker and ker did i occur is too many there's too many here okay so what i'm thinking is we actually could implement all of this as a map of of integer to symbol or integer to like block so let's do that so we're going to have some like operations here so we're going to call it like ops is something where we have 0 1 three four points at nil because remember four type four is for uh type four is for literal values five six and seven so these are all the different types that we can support zero is going to be plus one is multiplication two i think we need to pass in like yeah the accumulator so min and current and this is going to be like min is less than current then min else current and let's see the next one is max so it's going to be kind of the same but this will be max and then we want to like reverse the direction there and then actually yeah that's interesting so what can we do like a is one two three four and then a dot inject colon max no colon ampersand max oh yeah cause that's gonna be calling max on each integer doesn't make sense okay so then what is 5 produces 1 because 5 is less than 15. okay so 5 packets with id5 are greater than packets their value is one if the value in the first sub packet is greater than the value in the second subpac kit so this is actually like pretty close to this um but you actually just have like a and b and if a is less than b then you return one otherwise you return zero something like that and i think six is going to be the opposite and then seven is equal to okay so then seven is if they're equal then you return one otherwise you return zero something like that all right so let's let's just round out our examples here and crashed and burned okay oh right okay so when you're making a dictionary with key values or keys that are integers then you need to like um we have to use the hashrocket syntax otherwise it turns them into string symbols or something i think maybe uh maybe i'm wrong did i miss a comma oh yeah i'm missing commas does that other way work as long as i've got these commas in the right spots yeah i didn't think so okay expected one got nil okay so then for our actual implementation down here we need to update it so that we're saying something like literals.inject and then we want to pass in ops at type id right and because some of these are procs and so like inject allows you to pass in just a symbol that's a shortcut though for turning it into a block and so if we put an ampersand in front of it then it will blockify the symbol and apply it as we expect and because some of these are also lambdas so this is a lambda expression if you haven't seen this in ruby before head over and check out the video i have about blocks procs and lambdas but we're passing lambdas but we want to convert them into blocks before they execute so let's we want to pass this little pretzel thing the ampersand right in front before we run it so that it blockifies it okay so let's see given it did not work for this one produces 1 because 5 is less than 15. oh it should have been 1 okay so that one should have been 1 and then the next one is 0 and 0. okay so this is 0 and zero let me see if that works i missed i misread the the example there okay produces one expected one but got zero okay so because 5 is less than 15. all right so let's p literals here um and see what we get so this was our failing test one thing about this is it makes it a little bit harder to like narrow it down so one thing you can do is just kind of like comment out some of the cases to like really get the scope right um so literals literals i don't know why that's so hard to spell so um ops at type id uh is a proc uh okay that's really hard to read okay decoder line 10 whatever is on that line i don't know if we can like cat that out i don't know let's see cat this thing oh we can we can also type it to less and then look at like one two oh actually let's also look at type id so type type id is six so it should be this one here and if type id is six then less than it should be less than oh okay i got five and six mis um messed up got five and six messed up so i think it's i got yeah i just got them uh opposite so this should be i think this is like this is greater than this is less than or something yeah all right so let's let's run it again um okay all examples are passing let's comment all these back in and we've got 16 passing tests and i think we might actually have like a solution here so in this case we want to see what do you get if you evaluate the expression represented by your input so after we decode we actually just want to like puts what we decoded so let's run this thing we get this giant number one five four nine blah blah blah and that was the puzzle answer very cool so that is how you solve day 16 of the advent of code this is kind of cool and kind of neat i don't know having a dictionary i guess we could have also just made this an array right where we index into the array that makes it that probably makes it a lot simpler and cleaner since we have integer indices and it should work exactly the same i think yeah it works exactly the same so let's let's also do some more cleanup here uh this was kind of messy but gosh like always dealing with the the incoming the incoming formats is always just like kind of a mess of two eyes and two s's and splits and chomps and maps and whatever so not sure how to improve that very much um we've got our get literal stuff that all looks pretty good we are we're sort of like splitting and incrementing that's that's cool so what else do we want to do uh to clean this up gosh you know what the other thing is that i guess we could make a method that converts bits back into integer values are we always doing that every time we read bits every time we read bits okay so here we uh yeah so here we don't want it here we do here we do here it wouldn't matter here we do here we do okay so what i'm thinking is we can make another helper here that is like maybe we just call this one like underscore read bits and that's like the private version and then read bits actually just calls underscore read bits of n and then calls join.2i2 and then we can just update this one get literal method to use the private one private or underscore i don't know and then this is failing now because we can actually go and remove join.2i from all of these places and uh i think yeah i think this one we want to keep too anyways all right let's run it again and our tests are passing so that kind of cleaned it up just a hair but otherwise yeah i think i'm pretty happy with it this method is too long this decode method is way too long but it's it's fine it's yeah it's whatever uh and we will we'll live with it so cool thanks so much for watching and we'll see in the next one [Music] you

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      "page_url": "https://www.cjav.dev/videos/inject-lambda-stream-processing-advent-of-code-2021-day-16-with-ruby"
    }
  }'
```