--- title: Hangman with ruby for beginners slug: hangman-with-ruby-for-beginners published_at: 2021-05-22 17:00:07 +0000 updated_at: 2026-03-04 20:14:12 +0000 summary: description: We cover some basics for getting started with ruby and refactoring a simple version of hangman into one that uses a class with instance variables. Play with the code yourself here: https://replit.com/@CJAvilla/hangman#main.rb tags: [hangman with ruby for beginners, learn ruby, hangman game with ruby, implement hangman, how to make hangman in ruby, hangman.rb] views: 1056 author: CJ Avilla url: https://www.cjav.dev/videos/hangman-with-ruby-for-beginners youtube_url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQGRzObX94o youtube_id: LQGRzObX94o embed_url: https://www.youtube.com/embed/LQGRzObX94o thumbnail_url: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LQGRzObX94o/hqdefault.jpg type: video --- # Hangman with ruby for beginners *Published: May 22, 2021* *Views: 1056* ## Watch [Watch on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQGRzObX94o) [![Hangman with ruby for beginners](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LQGRzObX94o/hqdefault.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQGRzObX94o) ## Description We cover some basics for getting started with ruby and refactoring a simple version of hangman into one that uses a class with instance variables. Play with the code yourself here: https://replit.com/@CJAvilla/hangman#main.rb ## Transcript welcome back so one of the very first things you'll do when you're learning how to program in any language is often that you'll write like some procedural code so writing a function that takes some arguments and then wraps up a bit of code that's going to execute and then as you learn a little bit more you might learn about object oriented programming so procedural is like just writing a bunch of functions or method calls or setting variables and then object oriented is when you start working with classes defining your own types and storing state encapsulating state and working with that state inside of classes and so what i wanted to do today was go over a a really common game that's used when learning how to code and that's hangman so the first thing i wanted to do is walk through it together with you and talk about how we might implement hangman procedurally with just functions and storing state and passing it around as local variables and then we can do a little bit of refactoring and turn this into an object-oriented implementation so i'm in replit.com today and i will share this out it's a public replica so you can kind of go through and play with it yourself but um this is what uh the game of hangman is if you're not familiar oh um the game of hangman if you're not familiar there is a secret word that's chosen from some word list somewhere we'll just assume in our example here that it's called fast usually you'll have some number of lives that you have so oftentimes it's seven and the goal of the game is to guess the correct word or guess the letters that are in the word before you run out of lives so if we we don't know that the word is fast we might be presented with a bunch of underscores and then if we guess the letter a then a will be populated in the template that's printed out and we get to see where a is in the word if we guess t we'll again see where t is if we guess a letter that's not in the word we will not see it and we'll also in this case we'll lose one of the lives that um that exist for this round of hangman usually it's a two-player game where one person picks a word and the other person sort of guesses the word and so the very first thing we need to figure out is um how do we actually get user input from the terminal so we're going to run some code that asks the user for a guess in this case the letter that they want to guess and then we're going to use that as their guess given some word and so in in ruby there is a method that's built in called get s or gets and what this does is it will prompt the user for some input so if we run this we should get okay so i renamed this to uh uh hangman but apparently it needs to be main so let's try this again bundle exec ruby main okay so right now it's hanging and it's waiting for us to do some input so if we type like this is our input and then hit enter that is the uh the value that is returned after we hit enter the letters here this space is space our space input and then the new line character that's at the very end where we hit enter all of that is going to be passed as the return value from the gets method so if we say that our guess is just equal to gets and then we say like you know puts guess or like maybe we say like your guess was and then we can use string interpolation to print out the guess so if we run this again it's going to hang because it's waiting for our for our guest and then if we type in you know this is like guess one or something so then it says your guess was guess one okay so a couple of things we probably want to improve here at the beginning we should probably print out something that says like please uh guess a letter right and then we can have our little the colon and we might even have like a space if if we do this because we're using put s it's going to add a new line after it so now we see please guess a letter and then it's on a new line right so we can say g and if we hit enter it says your guess was g now if we wanted this g to show up at the end of the please guess a letter input we can instead of using puts we can use print and then we have this space at the end which will allow us to like receive that input so let's run again and it's going to say please guess a letter now we can say g is our letter and if we hit enter it says your guess was g so this is looking pretty good and this allows us to just get some input now what's interesting is that if instead of using puts if we use p to get the inspected value of our guess here this will show us like what the the raw underlying value is so if we again run this and we type in g and hit enter we'll see that the return value is actually g and then the new line character after it and this new line character represents like a it's a special character that represents going to the next line and so instead of just having get s we need to also say dot chomp so dot chomp is a method on string that will remove the uh the white space that is at the end like the trailing white space basically so now if we run this again and we see p guess so p there's like p puts in print we're seeing all three of these in this example print is going to print out the the value of the string as a string and is not going to add a new line p is going to print out the inspected value meaning like what does it actually look like in memory so if we say g here we get back a g okay cool so we see our guess let's just put back our guess here so that was like one of the pieces that we needed to figure out was how to receive a guess now the next step that we need to do is probably figure out how to randomly select some word from a list of words so maybe we can just like start off with a really simple list of words so say our words is an array and in the array we'll have dog cat and fast okay and one of the methods of an array is dot sample so we can say words if we were to let's just comment this out and say if we were to print or puts words.sample this should give us a random word so dot sample is a method on array that says just pick a random element from the array so if we run this the first time we're gonna see dog if we run it again we're gonna see some other word potentially cat okay so this is going to be random again so words.sample is going to give us a random word it looks like it's kind of just iterating over the words but it is it is giving us a random word so now we get cat back so words.sample can be our method for finding what our new secret word is so we're going to store words in an array and then we're going to sample and grab one of the random words from the array and store that into this local variable called secret word next what we need to do is figure out how we're going to display the characters or like these these underscores if no uh correct letters have been guessed so when we first start the game how do we show this sort of template or whatever maybe this is kind of like the board so maybe let's call it board and what we can do is we can start off the board with a bunch of underscores in an array and the underscore like the number of underscores that we need is the same as the number of characters in whatever the secret word is so in this case we have two words that have three characters and one word that has four characters so in instead of just hard coding the underscores directly in an array here what we need to do is figure out how to make an array that has the same number of underscores as the secret word and so uh one way we can get the number of characters in a word is by looking at its size so if we say secret if we say puts secret word dot size that should give us the number of characters and uh so this word was three uh let's also just puts like what is the secret like the secret word is um this will just be for debugging uh as we go so we know what the secret word is that we selected okay and so the secret word is fast and then the number of characters is four so what we need to do is create an array with four underscores and there's a whole bunch of different ways to do this but let's just say that our board maybe let's just say that our board and if you're if you're following along and you want to pause and try to figure out how would you make an array with that many underscores go ahead and pause the video try that out a couple different ways and then when you're when you're ready you can come on back um okay so welcome welcome back all right so we have secret word dot size and then one one of the things that we could do is we could say um dot times and then uh underscore and i think this should give us a board with that many underscore so then if we just puts board we should see that many underscores array cannot be coerced to integer so i think this might need to go over here times okay so now we see the word is dog and we're seeing three underscores in our list cool but the the way that it's printing out is a little bit weird because they're all on different lines and that's what puts is going to do when you print out an array it's going to like separate it out by new lines and so one thing we can do is we can take our list of underscores and join them with a space so that should give us so join is a method on array that allows you to create a new string where each of the elements in the array are separated by whatever argument you pass in to join so in this case we're passing in a space and here we see the secret word is fast and we also see the four underscore so that's kind of our board so let's say that that's what our board is going to start out as is just this array of underscores and the array is the length of the number of characters in the secret word okay so the next step is that we need to um we need some sort of looping mechanism where we can say like try to get a guess and then if the guess was correct we're going to update our board if the guess was incorrect then we are going to decrease some number of lives and work our way through to the end so let's work on the on the bit here where we receive just one guess and we want to update the board if that guess was correct so in this case what we want to do is say something like uh we need to like uh find or like if any of the letters in secret word match then update board at the location of the matching letters to reveal the letter or like the guess the guest word okay so the first thing we want to do is say something like if secret word dot includes the guess then we want to reveal that guess so we can say board or then we need to go like loop over the characters in the secret word um and actually we don't even need an if statement here so we can say secret word dot characters so if we just print out this secret word dot characters or dot chars right this is going to give us an array so this gives us back an array where each element in the array is a letter from the word so if we just if we print this out with p that'll give us the inspected version so that kind of shows us an array version so now this gives us each of the characters in the word so what we want to do is say like we're going to try to get a guess and then we're going to loop over each of these characters and see if our guess matches any of the characters and if it does we want to go back to the board and update the board in those locations with the guest character so let's uh let's do this again so now we're going to like re-enable our guessing mechanism and we're going to say for each of the characters each with index do the character and the index okay um okay so we're going to iterate over each of the characters and that's going to give us so we're passing now a block this is a block we're passing a block to each with index and the block is expecting two arguments the character at that position and the index at that position and now what we want to do is say like if the character is equal to the guess then we want to update board at the index to be equal to the character all right so what we're doing here is we're saying like if the character at that position so if d is equal to the guess so if d was what we what we collected from the user input then the index at d so the index would be zero so we want to update the board at index 0. so remember that board is an array of these underscores we want to update the board at index 0 and set its value equal to the the letter that is at that position okay and then if if that all worked out well then we should be able to print out the board and see if there was any updates made so if we run this again and we see that the secret word is dog and it says please guess a letter so if we say d and hit enter your guess was d and now our board representation our internal representation of the board is updated to have d so now we we need to like guess what the other two letters are but the the terminal has returned here because we are we have no way at this point to go back and get another guess okay so at this point we have a couple of pieces in place we have the guessing piece in place we have the logic to update the internal representation of the board when a letter is guessed but now what we need to do is have some logic to like start that process over again so what we might do is say while true and then we'll wrap this entire thing in a while loop okay so we're going to just move all of this over and we're going to say while this is true we're just going to print out please guess a letter we're going to get the letter and then after we have received the letter we'll print out the board and in this case we want to print out the board with dot join and we'll give it that space again so that it looks somewhat nicer okay so if we say if the word is dog let's guess o and hit enter okay it says your guess was o that looks great and now we see uh you know underscore o underscore if we guess now g it says your guess was g and we see og if we guess d now we see uh dog and that is the the actual word so that's that's all working fantastic but uh it turns out that we can just keep guessing and it doesn't do anything so um we have a couple of things that we need to do and that is uh while we need to update our while loop so that it only loops um or it only continues uh receiving guesses if we have both lives remaining and if we have uh not completed the word right so instead of saying while true i think what we want to do is say wow lives are greater than zero and while board dot include maybe if the board doesn't include any underscores um so if the board does not include any underscores then or while the board does include underscores so we only want to loop if the board still includes underscores otherwise and then at the end here we can say like puts um the word was and then the secret word down here okay and then this concept of lives we don't actually have uh any any concept of lives yet so let's let's create a new local variable called lives so we can see our lives are seven and then um if if the guess was not in the secret word at all then we can decrease lives so at the bottom here maybe we can say like if uh secret let's see yeah so we want to say like if secret word dot include includes uh the guess then we will update the board um otherwise we will decrease lives minus equals 1 and we can just print out like the word did not include guess okay so if we stop this and we run it yet again okay and we see undefined method includes is it include okay please guess a letter so d uh okay again include is not the word include okay that one always trips me up include versus includes okay so uh f a um z j okay okay i'm just gonna guess incorrect letters for now okay so eventually we we did fail but we don't actually have any um any feedback about the um the number of lives so let's say you have lives lives left please guess a letter so that we can see how many lives we have left and if we say like x y z okay so like you have five lives left you have four lives left j k l m okay so then it had you had one live left and then uh you failed and then it says the word was dog all right so that that logic is is sort of working fine um the one other thing that we want to do here is check to make sure that it will finish if we correctly populate the word okay so f a s t and it says the word was fast um and that's it we kind of have like a working version of hangman at this point now one thing that you'll notice is that it's actually like um not that long so there's about 43 lines here but it is pretty tricky to figure out how all these pieces work in order to like debug this and work through this if we wanted to add more words or if we wanted to like change the logic for how the words were sampled we would have to do that all in this sort of like procedural way right and so at this point what i think makes most sense is to refactor this entire game into some classes and maybe just one class to start with but let's let's talk about how we might do that so now we have kind of like all the pieces figured out we've we've written all the the different pieces but now what we want to do is make it so that it works as a class so we can define a class by saying and actually i think i might just comment out this whole bit down here and say this is like our like procedural procedural um our procedural implementation now let's say like our object let's do our object oriented version okay so we're going to say now we have an object oriented version okay so if we have a when we're working with object oriented programming we generally are going to create classes and those classes represent actors in the system that are going to like send messages to each other in this case we probably just want at least one that is for the game the class for the game so we're going to say class hangman we could probably call it game also if we wanted and inside of hangman we'll probably want some some different methods so one of them might be like to do some setup right and the setup is going to be like initializing the number of lives and initializing the board and like finding a secret word and things like that so in when we're setting up an instance of a class there is a special method that we can call and that is called initialize so here we can say def initialize and initialize can optionally take arguments it doesn't have to but here what we might do is say like at lives is equal to seven okay and the other thing that we might want to do is say like at board is equal to and then we can sort of take our same logic that we used up here to initialize the board which is going to be you know like some secret word time dot size times the number of underscores um and so we're doing similar setup that we did before but there's going to be a couple of differences so another thing that we might do is call a method here like setup board and that method would actually do this this bit for us and it would know about only it would only know about its one job and that one job is to like configure the board in fact we might actually have a separate class that is purely for maintaining and managing the board in this case in this game in particular the board class or like the board the concept of a board is pretty simple it's just an array with underscores right and so but if we wanted to make this something different if we wanted to make it stars or whatever then we could theoretically have some class that's completely responsible for maintaining what a board looks like how a board is rendered and a number of different things all right at this point we have a game we have some concept of a secret word for now i'm just going to put in fast i'm going to hard code fast and show how we might initialize this game so down here below the class i'm going to call i'm going to create a new variable called game and i'm going to call it hangman uh hangman.new and then i'm going to say game dot start so this start method is going to be when we actually play the game so let's let's probably have some def start method here that's gonna say like uh like puts like welcome to hangman right uh okay so let's let's run this and we'll see so we should initialize a new instance of the game and then we're going to call start on the game and it's going to say welcome to hangman now within our start method this is where we probably want to do our looping and our loop is going to again do these simple things which is like print the board state like receive a guess and then like update the board and again our loop is probably all going to be based on whether or not this this game is over so like while the game is uh while the uh the you the player has lives and has not won print the board state receive a guess update the board okay so it's going to be very similar to the loop that we had above again right here while lives is greater than zero and the board doesn't include this but we can we can make that a little bit more easy to read and a little bit more organized because we have these classes and we can we can write methods that are going to make it a bit easier for us to maintain so we have this setup board we have our lives that are being set up we're using the at sign in front of this word lives and in front of the word board because we want to maintain that state as part of each instance of the game so it turns out that like you could actually have multiple different games going at once as long as you're calling hangman.new to create several different games so right now we're just storing the number of lives in an instance variable and the board in an instance variable we're setting up the board let's let's make our method print the board state so let's say board state and this is going to be returning the board dot join and we'll just return the string value for the board state so rather than actually printing the board stay here we're just going to return it as a string and then expect that who like whichever method is calling that knows that it should be printing that out so now we can just say like you know puts board state that'll print out the board state and then um yeah why don't we run the game now so it should say welcome to hangman it should print out the board state okay uh let's also say um receive a guess so we'll say guess is equal to um make guess okay now we need to write a method make guess and this is where we're going to put our logic to say uh gets uh okay so this is going to be our logic for gets or for for receiving the guess uh okay so you have blank lives left so please guess a letter so in this case we probably only want the to print out please guess a letter because that's really all that's part of making a guess printing out the lives isn't really part of that step and so what we can do is we can actually just return gets.chomp from this method so that'll that'll be our last that is the last line of this function because the last line it is returned implicitly and so that will store the resulting guess so this return value from make guess is whatever user input with the new lines removed that will be stored in this local variable guess and then we want to update our board state so we might make a method here that's called like update update or like yeah update board with our guess so we're passing now the guess as an argument to update board and now we need to make another method down here called update board that's going to receive the guess and it might update the board so if the guess was in the secret word which at this point we don't actually have a secret word yet so let's make a secret word here so def secret word and for now we can just return the string fast and then we can update our hard-coded fast here with the secret word okay and when we update the board we want to say like if secret word dot include guess then we want to actually update the board and again this is going to be very similar so we can use much like uh nearly the same exact logic let's actually do it a little bit of a different way so you can see a couple different options so secretword.chars.eachwithindex this was one alternative for updating our board we can also iterate over those characters using something even simpler like maybe even just a while loop so if we just say like i is equal to zero and we say while i is less than secret word dot size um i plus equals one and we want to say okay so let's check to see if the guess if guess is equal to secret word at i then we want to replace at board at that index with the guess or with secret word at i so the reason why i'm using the the secret words um actually in both cases here so in this case right we said um if we're gonna iterate over the characters of the secret word and check to see if the character equals the guess and if it does then we're updating the board index with the character from that position so we could have also done guess at that position but the reason why i'm doing character at that position is that if we wanted to make this a little bit more robust we could technically like munge this guess value to make it a lower case value or uppercase or whatever so if we if we know for sure that the character um and maybe we if we want to like sort of normalize the two of them we could say like dot down case and down case on both the character and the guess and then always update with the character that way the resulting secret word is revealed in in the format that the word list provided it to us so in this case we could we could say something also like uh down case dot down case this will just this will make it so that if the guess was if the guess was like a and the letter was like a or something like if the character that position was a then this will result in like converting both of them to lower case and then then comparing all right so that should work if the secret word does include it otherwise we want to decrease lives so at lives minus equals one and that should work okay so we um now we just need to add in our while loop so we can say while at lies or greater than zero and let's just do at lives or greater than zero for now and that'll give us something to loop okay so now if we run this welcome to hangman please guess a letter we don't actually know what it is but we know actually we know it's fast so if we do f then we see f and if we if we do z then nothing is there um a b c d e f g h okay so it did uh eventually um uh we did eventually run out of lives so one other thing that we want to do is probably print uh like print the number of lives so let's just do puts like you have a lot at lives left and then or actually yeah let's do let's do some new lines before that so that we can kind of separate each each of the uh lines here as we go um the other piece that we want is yeah so you have seven lives left uh please guess a letter so the other thing that we wanna do i believe is uh we need to improve this to see like if we have actually won and so our concept of winning means that the board the board state matches the secret word state basically so here we can say when the lives is is greater than zero and it's not one and so by writing not one we can write a new method and notice that this method allows us to write a question mark at the end it is conventional to name the functions in your classes or to name methods in ruby that return boolean values to name them with a question mark it's just one of the conventions in other languages you might see something like is one or like is one like that in ruby it's nice because you can just put like one question mark at the end and now we see like so if the lives are greater than zero and you haven't won then we need to define what it means to be one and one one option that we have is we could check the board against um so in in the previous implementation right we checked to see um as long as the board didn't include any or if the board included underscores we know that the game wasn't over now that's a little bit fragile because if for some reason you have a word in your word list that actually has an underscore then i don't know why that would happen but it might so and what i think we want to do is we want to check that at board dot join without any argument or with the empty string we want to see if that equals our secret word and that will mean that for sure we won right um if the boards if the characters that are have been revealed on the board state match the secret word the game is over and down here we can say like if one we can puts like u1 and then else puts like you lost okay all right so then if we stop this and we run it again now we have a bit more logic so if we say f-a-s-t then we won and we had all seven lives left cool and if we run this again and we run out of lives let's say let's see x y z j k l m you lost okay so this is working totally as expected there's a couple other pieces that we could add though one of them is we could keep track of we could actually keep track of the guesses and print those out so we could show like here's all the guesses that you've made there's a couple other pieces that we might want to refactor so generally when you're working with with classes in ruby it's better to operate on bare words and by bare words i mean words like the rather than working directly on the instance variables generally it's a little bit better practice to work on like um the a bear word like here we have secret word it doesn't have an ad sign in the front so we would call it a bear word and so one of the refactorings that i think makes the most sense to do immediately is to create a reader method for lives so if we say adder reader lives this will create a new local instance method that returns the value for at lives now what we can do is come down here and everywhere that we referred to lives with the instance variable we can remove the instance variable from it okay except here so down here we do want to use either the add sign or we need to use something because we're we're setting lives if we just remove the add sign here then what this is going to do is create a new local variable and set it equal to uh negative one basically or i don't actually don't know if it'll fail or what but we either need to put at lives or we need to say self.lives minus equals one and in order to do self.lives minus equals one we need a setter and right now we just have a reader so we could we could create another method here called a writer at a writer or adder assessor which does both um for now let's keep it as add a reader and then we will just update the instance variable when the lives are lost okay and then similarly let's also update the same concept for the board so here we might say like adder reader for board and when we call setup board instead of setting the instance variable inside of setup board another thing we can do to improve this a little bit is keep the instance variable setting inside of the initialize method and then call make setup board just return a new board that is already like prepared okay we need to come back and update our secret word so it actually generates from some sort of list but this is looking much better already here we can do board.join equal secret word another thing that we might do is like make it so that the board state takes in some separator um but this is this is also totally fine so we're going to remove app board from all of these this one works and we are we're able to set it because when we call the board reader that's going to return reference to that array and we can still use the square bracket setter method to update it all right so let's run it make sure things are still working okay so we can say f a s t and u-1 that's all totally working well all right so the next thing that we want to do is somehow wrap up our secret word and generate that from a word list so instead of just having secret word here let's also make a method word list and this is going to return the array of possible words we have dog we have cat and we have fast and then instead of having this this getter method for secret word what we can do is create an instance variable here at secret word is equal to word list.sample that's going to generate so it'll call the wordlist method and the return value of the wordlist method is this array and because it's an array it has the sample method sample is going to pick a random element from the array and store it into this instance variable for the secret word now this secret word we were just returning this we were hard coding and returning this string before now what we can do is say at secret word and that will return the instance variable there for the secret word now if we run this we should get a different word potentially that's not fast oh and so what's happening now is it's saying that setup board has an undefend undefined method size for nil class that's because in setup board we're trying to access secret word but setup board is being called before the secret word is actually set up so we want to like change the order of those so that we first generate a secret word and then we set up the board so if we say run again we we now have seven lives left it's three letters let's try d okay oh g all right so that that totally is all still working um and one thing i wanted to point out was that like the way that secret this secret word method is implemented where it's just returning this instance variable is exactly what this these adder readers do okay so where this adder reader is a class method on um on available on all classes in ruby and that is just like a syntactic sugar or like an easy shortcut way to write these methods so instead of writing secret word like that i'm going to come up here and again make an adder reader for a secret word and that will wrap up our instance variable here so we can run this again seven lives left c d o g okay we won that's fantastic and we're looking pretty good all right so another thing that we might want to do is make this a little bit clearer so if lives are greater than zero and you haven't won then we keep looping but we're doing an actual comparison here so if lives are greater than zero so one thing we might want to do is just make this lost okay so if you haven't lost and you haven't won and then we can make the lost method that lives are less than or equal to zero just to keep it keep it safe um and yeah so this is looking pretty clean so now if we say run um welcome to hangman you have seven lives left d o c a t all right you won um okay i am pretty happy with this a couple of like improvements that we could make number one we could pass in a word list as an argument when we initialize hangman this would allow us to do something like change the language that hangman is played in so if we wanted to pass in a word list in spanish we could do that or if we wanted to change sort of the difficulty so if we have a someone who's in first grade who's learning first grade words we could pass in a first grade word list whereas if we had someone that was in fifth grade we could pass in a fifth grade word list so that's one improvement that we could make here we could also change the way that our word list is is sampled in like maybe the first time the person plays we give them an easy word that's a lot longer and then the more times they win we give them shorter and shorter and shorter words and then yep so we could sort of like change the the intensity and complexity of this but i think i wanted to stop it right here because this is kind of comparable to the version that we did above in a procedural way as a as an object-oriented option so um hopefully this was helpful to you and uh if you enjoyed this episode if you learned a little bit about ruby i would really appreciate a like um and uh yeah as always just trying to help folks trying to help folks get spun up on uh on how to code so if you have any questions or if this this generated any thoughts or if you have any feedback please leave a comment below or hit me up on twitter at cjafdev we'd love to chat with you thanks so much for watching we'll see you next [Music] time --- [Back to all videos](https://www.cjav.dev/videos) --- ## Hey Agent, thanks for visiting! 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